1. Start Microsoft SQL Server
2. In the Authentication combo box, select Windows Authentication and make sure the Administrator account is selected in the User Name (or the account you used when you installed Microsoft SQL Server)
    
   
3. Click Connect

Probably the most important requirement of creating a database is to give it a name. The SQL is very flexible when it comes to names. In fact, it is very less restrictive than most other computer languages. Still, there are rules you must follow when naming the objects in your databases:

• A name can start with either a letter (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w, x, y, z, A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, or Z), a digit (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9), an underscore (_) or a non-readable character. Examples are _n, act, x3, Second
• After the first character (letter, digit, underscore, or symbol), the name can have combinations of underscores, letters, digits, or symbols. Examples are _n24 or act_52_t
• A name can include spaces. Example are c0untries st@ts, govmnt (records), or gl0b# $urvey||

Because of the flexibility of SQL, it can be difficult to maintain names in a database. Based on this, there are conventions we will use for our objects. In fact, we will adopt the rules used in C/C++, C#, Pascal, Java, and Visual Basic, etc. In our databases:

• Unless stated otherwise (we will mention the exceptions, for example with variables, tables, etc), a name will start with either a letter (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w, x, y, z, A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, or Z) or an underscore
• After the first character, we will use any combination of letters, digits, or underscores
• A name will not start with two underscores
• If the name is a combination of words, at least the second word will start in uppercase. Examples are Countries Statistics, Global Survey, _RealSport, FullName, or DriversLicenseNumber

After creating an object whose name includes space, whenever you use that object, include its name between [ and ]. Examples are [Countries Statistics], [Global Survey], or [Date of Birth]. Even if you had created an object with a name that doesn't include space, when using that name, you can still include it in square brackets. Examples are [UnitedStations], [FullName], [DriversLicenseNumber], and [Country].

1. In the Object Explorer, right-click Databases and click New Database...
    
   
2. In the Name text box, type MotorVehicleAdministration

Whenever a new database is created, the server wants to keep track of who created that database. This is known as the database owner. By default, Microsoft SQL Server creates a special account named dbo (for database owner). When you create a database but do not specify the owner, this account is used. The dbo account is also given rights to all types of operations that can be performed on the database. This is convenient in most cases. Still, if you want, you can specify another user as the owner of the database. Of course, the account must exist, which means you should have previously created it or you can use an existing one.

To visually specify the owner of a database you are creating, you can click <default> in the Owner text box, type the name of the domain, followed by the back slash, and followed by the user name who will own the database. Alternatively, you can click the ellipsis button on the right side of the Owner text box. This would open the Select Database Owner dialog box:

In the Enter the Object Names to Select dialog box, enter the full name or the username of the user to whom you want to assign the database. After doing that, click Check Names. If the name is right, the dialog box would accept it. If the name is not right, you would receive an error. You can click the Browse button. This would open the Browse For Objects dialog box. If you see the user object you want to use, click its check box and click OK.

• In the Owner dialog box, click <default> and type DomainNamepkatts (replace DomainName with the name of your domain; otherwise, skip this step) (you can also click the browser button on the right side of Owner to locate and select the desired username)

When originally creating a database, you may or may not know how many lists, files, or objects the project would have. Still, as a user of computer memory, the database must use a certain portion, at least in the beginning. The amount of space that a database is using is referred to as its size. If you use the New Database dialog box, after specifying the name of the database and clicking OK, the interpreter automatically specifies that the database would primarily use 2MB. This is enough for a starting database. Of course, you can either change this default later on or you can increase it when necessary.

If you want to specify a size different from the default, if you are using the New Database to create your database, in the Database Files section and under the Initial Size column, change the size as you wish.

• In the Database Files section, click the box under the Initial Size column header, click the up arrow of the spin button and increase its value to 5

As you should be aware of already from your experience on using computers, every computer file must have a path. The path is where the file is located in one of the drives of the computer. This allows the operating system to know where the file is, so that when you or another application calls it, the operating system would not be confused.

By default, when you create a new database, Microsoft SQL Server assumes that it would be located at Drive:Program FilesMicrosoft SQL ServerMSSQL10.MSSQLSERVERMSSQLDATA folder. If you use the New Database dialog box of the SQL Server Management Studio, if you specify the name of the database and click OK, the interpreter automatically creates a new file, and appends the .MDF extension to the file: this is the (main) primary data file of your database.

If you do not want to use the default path, you can change it. If you are using the New Database dialog box, to change the path, under the Path header, select the current string:

Replace it with an appropriate path of your choice.

1. Scroll to the right side and, under the Path header, notice the location of the file
2. Start Windows Explorer
3. In the left frame, click the C: drive
4. Right-click a blank area in the right frame -> New -> Folder
5. Type Microsoft SQL Server Database Development as the name of the new folder
6. Return to the New Database dialog box.
   Under Path, click the browse button
7. Locate the Microsoft SQL Server Database Development folder you created and select it
8. Do the same for the other path
9. Click OK

When you install Microsoft SQL Server, it also installs 4 databases named master, model, msdb, and tempdb. These databases will be for internal use. This means that you should avoid directly using them, unless you know exactly what you are doing.

One of the databases installed with Microsoft SQL Server is named master. This database holds all the information about the server on which your MS SQL Server is installed. For example, We know that, to perform any operation on the server, you must login. The master database identifies any person, called a user, who accesses the database, about when and how.

Besides identifying who accesses the system, the master database also keeps track of everything you do on the server, including creating and managing databases.

You should not play with the master database; otherwise you may corrupt the system. For example, if the master database is not functioning right, the system would not work.

To assist you with creating and managing databases, including their objects, you use a set of language tools referred to as the Data Definition Language (DDL). This most includes commands. For example, the primary command to create a database uses the following formula:

CREATE DATABASE DatabaseName

To assist you with writing code, in the previous lessons, we saw that you could use the query window.

The CREATE DATABASE (remember that SQL is not case-sensitive) expression is required. The DatabaseName factor is the name that the new database will have. Although SQL is not case-sensitive, you should make it a habit to be aware of the cases you use to name your objects. Every statement in SQL can be terminated with a semi-colon. Although this is a requirement in many implementations of SQL, in Microsoft SQL Server, you can omit the semi-colon. Otherwise, the above formula would be

CREATE DATABASE DatabaseName;

Here is an example:

CREATE DATABASE NationalCensus;

This formula is used if you do not want to provide any option. We saw previously that a database has one or more files and we saw where they are located by defauft. We also saw that you could specify the location of files if you want. To specify where the primary file of the database will be located, you can use the following formula:

CREATE DATABASE DatabaseName
ON PRIMARY
( NAME = LogicalName, FILENAME = Path )

The only three factors whose values need to be changed from this formula are the database name that we saw already, the logical name, and the path name. The logical name can be any one-word name but should be different from the database name. The path is the directory location of the file. This path ends with a name for the file with the extension .mdf. The path should be complete and included in single-quotes. Here is an example:

CREATE DATABASE NationalCensus
ON PRIMARY
( NAME = DataRepository, FILENAME = 'C:ExercisesNationalCensus.mdf')
GO

Besides the primary file, you may want to create and store a log file. To specify where the log file of the database would be located, you can use the following formula:

CREATE DATABASE DatabaseName
ON PRIMARY
( NAME = LogicalName, FILENAME = Path.mdf )
LOG ON
( NAME = LogicalName, FILENAME = Path.ldf )

The new factor in this formula is the path of the log file. Like the primary file, the log file must be named (with a logical name). The path ends with a file name whose  extension is .ldf. Here is an example:

CREATE DATABASE NationalCensus
ON PRIMARY
( NAME = DataRepository, FILENAME = 'C:ExercisesNationalCensus.mdf')
LOG ON
( NAME = DataLog, FILENAME = 'C:ExercisesNationalCensus.ldf')
GO

1. To open the code editor, in the Object Explorer, right-click the name of the server and click New Query
    
   
2. In the empty window, type:
   

   CREATE DATABASE RealEstate1
   ON PRIMARY
   ( NAME = DataRepository, FILENAME = 'C:Microsoft SQL Server Database DevelopmentRealEstate1.mdf')
   LOG ON
   ( NAME = DataLog, FILENAME = 'C:Microsoft SQL Server Database DevelopmentRealEstate1.ldf')
   GO

3. To execute the statement, press F5

To specify more options with code, Microsoft SQL Server ships with various sample codes you can use for different assignments. For example, you can use sample code to create a database. The sample codes that Microsoft SQL Server are accessible from the Template Explorer.

To access the Template Explorer, on the main menu, you can click View -> Template Explorer. Before creating a database, open a new query window. Then:

• To create a new database using sample code, in the Template Explorer, expand the Databases node, then drag the Create Database node and drop it in the query window. The new database would be created in the server that holds the current connection
• If you have access to more than one server, to create a database in another server or using a different connection, in the Template Explorer, expand the Databases node, right-click Create Database and click Open. In the Connect to Database Engine dialog box, select the appropriate options, and can click OK

With any of these actions, Microsoft SQL Server would generate sample code for you:

-- =============================================
-- Create database template
-- =============================================
USE master
GO

-- Drop the database if it already exists
IF  EXISTS (
SELECT name 
FROM sys.databases 
WHERE name = N'<Database_Name, sysname, Database_Name>'
)
DROP DATABASE <Database_Name, sysname, Database_Name>
GO

CREATE DATABASE <Database_Name, sysname, Database_Name>
GO

You would then need to edit the code and execute it to create the database. From the previous lessons and sections, we have reviewed some characters uch as the comments -- and some words or expressions such as GO, CREATE DATABASE, and SELECT. We will study the other words or expressions in future lessons and sections.

A user of a computer, or a user of an application, simply called a user, is a person who has been given the right to use either the computer or an application. For a person to use Microsoft SQL Server, an account must be created for him or her. As you may remember, when you install Microsoft SQL Server, you must use an account that has administrative rights. We also mentioned that there is an existing account named sa. These two accounts allow you to perform the necessary preliminary actions on a Microsoft SQL Server. Obviously, you may need to create other accounts, for the users.

To create a user, you must give a name for the account. The name can be anything. You can even use a name that is not found anywhere in the computer or the domain. Then, and most importantly, you must specify the login name that will use that user name. This means that you must associate the user name with a login name that was created already.

To visually create a user, in the Object Explorer, expand the database whose user(s) you want to create and expand its Security node. Right-click Users and click New User... This would open the Database User - New dialog box. In the User Name, type the name you want. In the Login Name, you must type a valid user name for an existing account. After specifying the login and the user names, you can select other options in the check boxes, options we will ignore at this time. Then click OK.

The formula to programmatically create a user is:

CREATE USER user_name 
    [ { { FOR | FROM }
      { 
        LOGIN login_name 
        | CERTIFICATE cert_name 
        | ASYMMETRIC KEY asym_key_name
      } 
      | WITHOUT LOGIN
    ] 
    [ WITH DEFAULT_SCHEMA =schema_name ]

If you want Microsoft SQL Server to generate code for you, open a new Query window. In the Template Explorer, expand the User node. Drag Create User As DBO and drop it in the text editor:

-- ==============================
-- Create User as DBO template
-- ==============================

USE <database_name, sysname, AdventureWorks>
GO

-- For login <login_name, sysname, login_name>, create a user in the database
CREATE USER <user_name, sysname, user_name>
FOR LOGIN <login_name, sysname, login_name>
WITH DEFAULT_SCHEMA = <default_schema, sysname, dbo>
GO

-- Add user to the database owner role
EXEC sp_addrolemember N'db_owner', N'<user_name, sysname, user_name>'
GO

You start with the CREATE USER expression followed by a user name. As mentioned already, it can be almost anything. After the user name, to associate a login to the user, type FOR LOGIN followed by the login name that will use it.

If the name is in one word, simply type it. Here is an example:

CREATE USER JohnYamo
FOR LOGIN rkouma;
GO

If the name is in more than one word, include it in square brackets.  Here is an example:

CREATE USER [Paul Martin Souffrance]
FOR LOGIN rkouma;
GO

The other things are optional.

1. In the Object Explorer, right-click Databases and click Refresh
2. Click the + button of MotorVehicleAdministration to expand it
3. Click the + button of Security to expand it
4. Right-click Users and click New User...
5. In the User Name, type Orlando Perez
6. On the right side of the Login Name text box, click the button
7. In text box, type pkatts
8. Click Check Names
9. When the name has been found, click OK
10. Don't change the other options and click OK
11. Right-click MotorVehicleAdministration and click New Query
12. To create another user, type the following:

    CREATE USER [Gertrude Danielle Monay]
    FOR LOGIN gdmonay;
    GO

13. To execute, press F5
14. Click inside the Query window and press Ctrl + A
15. To create a user for a different database, type the following:

    USE RealEstate1;
    GO
    CREATE USER Orlando
    FOR LOGIN operez;
    GO

16. Press F5 to execute

A role is an action or a set of actions that are allowed to a security principal. For example a person A can be allowed to create and use a database. The ability to perform such an action is referred to as a role. Another person B can be allowed only to use an existing database without being able to create a new one. This is another type of role.

If you have created a database but don't need it anymore, you can delete it. It is important to know, regardless of how you create a database, whether using SQL Server Management Studio, code in the query window, or the Command Prompt, every database can be accessed by any of these tools and you can delete any of the databases using any of these tools.

As done with creating a database, every tool provides its own means.

To delete a database in SQL Server Management Studio, in the Object Explorer, expand the Databases node, right-click the undesired database, and click Delete. A dialog box would prompt you to confirm your intention. If you still want to delete the database, you can click OK. If you change your mind, you can click Cancel.

To delete a database in SQL Query Analyzer, you use the DROP DATABASE expression followed by the name of the database. The formula used is:

DROP DATABASE DatabaseName;

Before deleting a database in SQL, you must make sure the database is not being used or accessed by some one else or by another object.